Brain stem pons8/13/2023 In the fossa interpeduncularis, medially from the pedunculi, the third oculomotor nerve emerges. The aquaeductus mesencephali (Sylvii) runs through the middle brain – a narrow channel, carrying the cerebrospinal fluid, after the distance from IV. Practically all of it is covered by the hemispheres of the hindbrain, only its ventral part is visible as the so-called crura cerebri (partes anteriores pedunculi cerebri) – massive trunks containing white matter. It connects the rhombencephalon to the diencephalon. The middle brain (mesencephalon) is the most rostral part of the brainstem, it connects to Varol's bridge. Nerves V, VI, VII and VIII depart from the bridge. Like the medulla oblongata, the pons is also related to the cranial nerves, which have their nuclei here. Laterally, the bridge passes freely in the pedunculi cerebellares medii, analogous to the pedunculi cerebellares inferiores of the medulla oblongata. ![]() The sulcus basilaris, formed by the course of the artery of the same name, leads through the medium. The ventral side of the bridge is smooth and convex. It forms an oval arch on the ventral side of the brainstem. Varol's bridge is a continuation of the medulla oblongata rostral to the sulcus bulbopontinus. The following cranial nerves depart from the medulla oblongata – IX, X, XI and XII. The canalis centralis runs through the oblongata, which opens cranially into the IV. The pathways connect here and continue further into the higher levels of the brain. They contain the nuclei of the same name, which are the final station of the spinal fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus, which lead the main sensitive pathways of the brain. The dorsal surface of the elongated spinal cord is also arched into two bumps - tuberculum gracile and tuberculum cuneatum. These openings form a communication between the ventricular system and the subarachnoid space of the brain and allow the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. ![]() They are apertura median ventriculi quarti (foramen Magendi) and paired aperturae laterales ventriculi quartii (foramina Luschkae). it is not whole, it contains several holes. ![]() The free end of the vela is joined by the tela choroidea ventriculi quartii, a fibrous plate containing the choroid plexus, which forms the cerebrospinal fluid, here to IV. The peduncles diverge into a V-shape, and between them is spread the velum medullare inferius, which is a thin plate, an outgrowth of the ependyma. The pedunculi cerebellares are generally thick bundles of white matter through which the pathways connect the stem (in this case the medulla oblongata) to the cerebellum. Dorsal to the olive lie the pedunculi cerebellares inferiores. Laterally, there are paired elevations, called olives, on the elongated spinal cord. Human brain in sagittal section, with brain stem highlighted
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